① Introduction 01:43

Hello and welcome to the National Maritime Museum of Korea. The museum is dedicated to discovering, preserving, researching, and exhibiting both domestic and international maritime culture and heritage. Our main goal is to educate the public about maritime culture.

In the Navigation Hall, we will explore the history of Western ships, navigational tools, and the advancement of navigational technologies, as well as shipping and the maritime activities of Korea’s naval forces. This exhibition offers a glimpse into the maritime power of various nations throughout history.

The video you see at the entrance of the exhibition hall is “The Blue Planet: Starting with the Sea.” We have long thought of civilization as stemming from land, leading us to call our planet ‘Earth,’ a name derived from the character representing land. However, over 70% of our planet’s surface is covered with water, predominantly by oceans. The sea is the source of all life and a symbol of infinite challenge and inclusion. As we embark on this journey, let’s consider referring to our beautiful planet, often called ‘The Blue Planet,’ as ‘Sugu,’ to help us focus on its ocean-centric aspects.


② Guiding the way on the Seas: Charting the Sea Route Nautical Charts 05:24

Throughout history, humans have been driven by a combination of curiosity and fear towards new worlds, continuously navigating the seas, thereby interconnecting them. To ensure safe and accurate voyages, a variety of navigational tools were developed and refined over time.

Let's first delve into the concept of nautical charts. Unlike terrestrial maps that focus on land, nautical charts are centered around maritime information. Prior to the 15th century, these charts primarily contained details of coastlines and reefs in visible range. However, with the advent of The Age of Discovery, nautical charts began to encompass broader marine areas, facilitating long-distance navigation.

Now, let's visit the workspace of a renowned nautical chart maker. The space you are seeing is a recreation of the 16th-century workspace of Gerardus Mercator, a famous cartographer from the Netherlands. In 1569, Mercator developed the Mercator projection, a mapping method that accurately represented directions and proved useful for navigation, earning it the nickname 'navigational projection'. The nautical charts created using the Mercator projection were immensely helpful to navigators, as drawing a straight line anywhere on the chart corresponded to a true bearing, facilitating the use of a compass.

Additionally, you can see various drafting materials and tools essential for creating nautical charts. On the walls are portraits of Mercator and his pupil, Hondius. The desk area features prominent examples of pilotage charts, including Portolan charts, and a video explaining how charts were made using Mercator projection.

As we move to the right, you will see four display cases on the wall, each detailing the evolution of nautical charts. The first case presents the “Ptolemic World of Münster.” This map is bordered by illustrations of twelve wind gods, indicative of the theocentric worldview prevalent in map-making at the time due to the influence of religion.

In the second display case, we find the “Portolan Chart by Monnus” on vellum. This chart, created during an era when the compass was the primary navigational tool, features radial lines emanating from a central point, resembling the spokes of a compass. It was crafted using pilotage, a method that involves navigating by visually identifying coastal features. This chart meticulously details observed harbors, coastlines, and reefs. Additionally, an image of the Virgin Mary is depicted on the left side of the chart, symbolizing a prayer for the safe guidance of sailors to their destinations.

The third display case holds "On the Mystery of the Sea by Robert Dudley,” an English cartographer. This is the first collection of nautical charts produced using Mercator projection. Notably, this artifact displays the Korean Peninsula, elongated in shape, and Japan at the center. This chart provides wonderful insight into the geographic understanding of Asia at the time, with Korea represented as an elongated oval.

The top of the left page near the East Sea is marked with the phrase 'Mare di Corai' indicating the Korean name for the East Sea and showing that, even at that time, the East Sea was recognized as Korean.

The final exhibit features the “New Sea Atlas by Isaac Broukner,” a German cartographer. Created in 1749, this atlas is considered a precursor to modern nautical charts. A notable feature of this map is the Korean Peninsula, marked in the center with the name 'La Coree,' referring to Korea.

As you can see, nautical charts have evolved through four distinct stages, becoming increasingly more detailed and accurate. The depiction of Asia, including Korea, only began to resemble its current form in the 18th century.


③ Navigating the Seas, Navigational Instruments 04:46

In the first display case, you can see "Terrestrial and Celestial Globes." The 'Terrestrial Globe' is a spherical model crafted to resemble the Earth. It features a freely rotating axis tilted at 23.5 degrees, with oceans, continents, and latitude and longitude lines marked on its surface. The 'Celestial Globe' represents the stars as viewed from Earth, transferred onto a spherical projection. These large-scale Terrestrial and Celestial Globe sets, adorned with beautiful patterns and elaborate decorations, were symbols of social status and power. They were used as ornamental pieces, demonstrating the owner's societal position, and were also exchanged as gifts.

During that era, it was fashionable to mark famous voyages on nautical charts as well as terrestrial and celestial globes. Examining "A Pair of Globes by Adams Family" or "A Pair of Globes by Newton Family," one can observe the voyages of the renowned British explorer Captain James Cook.

Additionally, in one corner of the display case, you can also admire the smaller, spherical "A Pair of Pocket Globes by Lane Family." The terrestrial globes of that period labeled the East Sea as the 'Korean Sea' or 'Korea Bay,' providing important evidence of the Western recognition and acknowledgment of the Korean Sea at that time. These navigational instruments, fueled by curiosity, desire for wealth, and imagination, are crucial historical documents. They reveal the contemporary perceptions of the heavens and the Earth and the level of technology and craftsmanship of that time.

In the second display case, you will find compasses and marine chronometers. Suspended at the edge of the case is a circular metal artifact known as an “Astrolabe.” The name Astrolabe is derived from Greek and means "to catch a star". It was widely used in both the East and West for solving problems related to time and the position of the sun and stars in the sky.

The Astrolabe was used by hanging it vertically. During the day, it measured the altitude of the sun, and at night, it used the North Star, the brightest star in the sky, to determine altitude and thus the latitude of the ship. Marine Astrolabes were designed to provide accurate measurements even in windy conditions and on a constantly moving ship. The Astrolabe on display here, made in the Netherlands, has “AD. 1643" engraved on its lower front, indicating its creation date.

Next, you'll see a Chronometer and a book, "Principle of Clock by Harrison." The "Chronometer", also known as a marine chronometer, was developed by John Harrison, an 18th-century British clockmaker. It was used to calculate a ship's position at sea by utilizing time. The book "Principle of Clock by Harrison," authored by Harrison himself, explains the working principles of the chronometer. Additionally, various chronometers produced across Europe are also on display.

Finally, in the third display case, various navigational instruments used for determining a ship's position are exhibited. A notable item is the Sextant. This instrument measured the altitude and angle between the sun or the moon and the horizon, aiding in determining the ship's current location during navigation. The name 'Sextant' derives from its shape, resembling one-sixth of a circle, with variations such as the quadrant and octant also being used.


④ Venturing into the Unknown World, Explorers 03:01

Explorers ventured out into the seas to discover new worlds. Those who sailed into the vast oceans pioneered new routes, discovered new continents, and upon returning to their homelands, introduced new cultures. Let's learn about two prominent explorers.

The first, depicted in the portrait in the upper left, is the British explorer James Cook. James Cook undertook three major voyages of exploration. His first voyage, from 1768 to 1771, took him to New Zealand and Australia. The second, lasting three years and beginning in 1772, was to the Antarctic region. His third and final voyage, starting in 1776, explored the North Pacific, the Bering Strait, and the Arctic Ocean. The mapping of the Pacific Islands discovered during Cook's explorations significantly contributed to the completion of the mapping of the Pacific. Tragically, Cook met his end at the hands of natives in Hawaii during his third voyage. The surviving crew members completed his final voyage and published "Account of Captain Cook’s Voyage," the book you see now, in his honor.

Next, displayed on the right side inside the showcase, is a book titled "Voyage Around the World by Lapérouse." The Count of Lapérouse, a French explorer, embarked on a three-year oceanic voyage from 1785 to 1788 under the command of King Louis XVI. In 1785, the Lapérouse expedition set sail from France, crossing the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and by 1787, they had reached the seas near Korea. In the book, at the very top of an illustration, there is a depiction of an island labeled 'Quelpart,' which is actually Korea’s Jeju Island. Additionally, an island marked 'Dagelet' on the bottom right of the Jeju illustration represents Ulleungdo, another Korean island. So it is clear through his recorded findings that Lapérouse explored the seas around Jeju and Ulleungdo.
This concludes our tour of the first area of the exhibition, the Navigation Hall, where we explored Guiding the way on the seas.


⑤ The Era of Navigation: Venturing Across the Seas Primitive Forms of Ships 04:06

Humans have long harbored curiosity about what lies beyond the sea. To explore these unknown realms, they needed sophisticated ships capable of enduring long voyages. Thus, ships evolved with various forms and features depending on the region, but the general trend was towards designs that could travel faster and were capable of safely carrying increasing amounts of cargo.

Ancient boats were powered either by rowing or by sails that harnessed the wind. There were many varied forms used throughout the world, like reed boats, log boats, and rafts. Let's start by examining Exhibit No. 1, the "Model of Papyrus Ship." True to its name, this model was made from a type of reed called papyrus. The ancient Egyptians not only used this plant to make paper, but the word 'paper' in English is actually derived from 'papyrus.' This ship represents one of the oldest primitive boat types known.

Next, if you look at the wall, you will see a long log boat. This is Exhibit No. 2, the "Dug Out Canoe." This exhibit is an actual vessel used in Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific, characterized by its unique patterns carved on both the bow and stern. Its form is a typical primitive log boat, made by hollowing out the inside of a log.

After that, ancient ships were gradually developed and get larger with bigger sails. Exhibit No. 6 “Model of an Galley Ship” is typical of ancient ships, which had been used in Mediterrenean Sea during Greco-Roman period. It is featured that the ship was mostly operated by multiple oars, while sails just assisted navigating. Galley ships can navigate faster than other ships, therefore it was used mainly for warships.

Now, let's move to the “Viking Ship” exhibit. The Viking Ship was a type of vessel built by the Norse people of the North Sea region, particularly in Sweden and Denmark, between the 8th and 11th centuries. These ships utilized both sails and oars for movement. However, the sails were much simpler in design, and there were fewer rowers compared to other contemporary ships. Both ends of the ship were similarly shaped and often rose sharply, with decorations such as a dragon’s head sometimes added to make them more imposing. Larger Viking Ships typically served as warships, while smaller ones were used as trading vessels. The Viking Ship you are looking at now is a reproduction, faithfully restored to its actual size. It was based on a ship found in 1993 in Gislinge, Denmark. Officially named 'Estrid', this ship is believed to have been used from around 1130 to 1150. It was rowed by a team of 3, with each person using two oars, and is estimated to accommodate up to four adults.


⑥ The Age of Exploration, Visiting Unknown Worlds: The Evolution of Caravels 05:04

In 13th-century Europe, Marco Polo's account of his 25 years of travel in the East, recorded in the book "The Travels of Marco Polo," was immensely popular. This book planted a fascination with the Orient in the minds of Westerners, which became a driving force for the long-distance voyages during the Age of Exploration between the 15th and 17th centuries. Ship design evolved from the smaller caravel to the larger carrack, more suitable for long voyages. You can observe the progression of ship development in the order of the model sailing ships on display.

First, exhibit #2, there are the models of “the Santa Maria” and “the Nina.” These two sailing ships were a part of explorer Christopher Columbus’s expedition when he set off on his first voyage from Spain in 1492 and eventually discovered the American continent. Examining each ship, the 'Nina' was a caravel, while the 'Santa Maria' was a carrack. The caravel, a sailing ship with triangular sails, was developed in Portugal. Its triangular sails were advantageous for using winds originating from different directions. Initially, in the 13th century, caravels were mainly used as small-scale fishing vessels but gradually evolved into coastal sailing ships.

The carrack, like the Santa Maria, evolved to address the shortcomings of the caravel. Carracks combined the use of triangular and square sails, enabling navigation with winds from all directions, including headwinds and crosswinds. They were especially suited for fast voyages across large oceans, utilizing strong seasonal winds. Carracks were also larger than caravels and so had increased cargo capacity compared to their smaller counterparts.

Next, let's examine Exhibit No. 4, the "Model of the Victoria." The 'Victoria' was one of the five ships used by the explorer Magellan for his circumnavigation of the world in 1519. During Magellan's voyage, the other four ships either deserted or were lost at sea, and only the 'Victoria' survived. In 1522, it returned to Spain with the last 18 survivors. Following the voyages of Columbus and Magellan, long-distance navigation for the purpose of discovering new lands and trade became a primary goal for many European countries. To facilitate the colonization of newly discovered lands, naval battle capabilities were improved, as seen in Exhibit No. 6, "Model of the Golden Hinde" (a galleon), Exhibit No. 7, "Model of the HMS Victory" (a ship of the line), and Exhibit No. 11, "Model of the Charles W. Morgan." During this period, warships saw the greatest advancement. In the 18th century, famous exploration ships like those shown in Exhibit No. 9, "Model of the Endeavour," and No. 10, "Model of the HMS Beagle," became popular. These ships were called barques and had three or more masts.

Finally, Exhibit No. 14, "Model of the Cutty Sark," often referred to as the last of the great clippers. This fast sailing ship, with its numerous sails, was a clipper built in mid-19th century Britain. Clippers like the Cutty Sark were vital for transporting tea from China to Britain between the 17th and the mid-19th centuries. However, with the advent of steam-powered vessels in the 19th century, the era of wind-dependent sailing ships began to wane. Clippers continued to compete with steamships until the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, which significantly shortened the distance for circumnavigating the globe and further advanced the dominance of steam-powered ships. As a result, sailing ships like clippers eventually faded into history.


⑦ Maritime Civilization Exchange, Maritime Silk Roads 03:14
This area recreates the interior of a ship engaged in maritime trade along the "Maritime Silk Road." Notice the bustling crew and the valuable trade goods that were exchanged during this period. The Maritime Silk Road, along with the grassland and desert routes, connected the East to the West. Through this sea route, vibrant trade extended from the Islamic Empire to Southeast Asia and through to East Asia, naturally fostering the advancement of shipbuilding and navigation techniques. While air travel is the fastest mode of transportation today, during that era, maritime trade was preferred due to its speed and ability to transport large quantities of cargo. The most popular trade items were ceramics and spices, leading to the Maritime Silk Road also becoming known as "The Porcelain Road" or "The Spice Road."

You can see a variety of ceramics displayed on one side of the wall. At the center of the Asian ceramic trade were China and Vietnam. In front of you are the "Vase with Peony Design in Underglaze Cobalt Blue" and the "Milk Cup with Potted Flower Design in Underglaze Cobalt Blue," both blue and white porcelains from China's Qing Dynasty. These porcelains are made by painting with cobalt blue pigment on white porcelain, then glazing and firing in a sealed kiln.

Apart from China, several Southeast Asian countries also produced sought-after ceramics. In Vietnam, the production of blue and white porcelain in the mid-14th century led to the development of new ceramic techniques, leading to the export of Vietnamese ceramics. When the Ming Dynasty in China prohibited maritime trade for a span of nearly 200 years, until the end of the 16th century, it inadvertently led to a golden age of Vietnamese ceramic exports. In front of you, the "Dish with Orchid and Arabesque Design in Underglaze Cobalt Blue" and the separately displayed "Large Dish with Unicorn Design in Underglaze Cobalt Blue" are examples of Vietnamese ceramics. Additionally, as you look around, you'll find various spices, grains, silks, and other commodities that were commonly traded between East and West over the ages.

This concludes our tour of the second area of the exhibition, Navigation Hall, where we explored the era of navigation.




⑧ The Seas we’ve protected: Sailing Our Ships, Ancient Vessels, Jounseon and Panokseon 04:16

Korea, surrounded by the sea on three sides and with well-developed rivers inland, has a long history of using ships for travel and trade. This history also includes defending our seas and territories from foreign invasions. Since the prehistoric era, Koreans have been actively engaged in maritime activities. Notably, during the Goryeo Dynasty, Korea dominated trade in East Asia, engaging in active exchanges with neighboring countries like the Song Dynasty in China and Okinawa in Japan. Additionally, King Seongjong of Goryeo’s introduction of a system that collected grain as tax led to the further development of grain transport ships.

With this as the background, let's examine two representative Korean ships on display. On the left is the "Model of Taean Mado No.1," a grain transport ship from the Goryeo Dynasty. Discovered and excavated by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage between 2008 and 2010 in the Taean County waters, this ship was found carrying various grains, ceramics, and foodstuffs, confirming its use as a grain transport ship that sank while en route to Gaegyeong, the capital of Goryeo.

After the Goryo Dynasty, during the Joseon Dynasty, to combat Japanese invasions, the "Panokseon," displayed on the right as the "Model of a Board-roofed Ship,” was developed. These ships played a key role in several naval victories during the Imjin War, making them a mainstay of the Joseon navy. The Panokseon, developed after the biggest Wokou raid in 1555, was designed to counter the invading Japanese forces along the coast of the Jeolla Province. The term 'Panok' refers to a roof constructed by erecting pillars at the ship's four corners, covering the sides with planks, and then adding a wooden roof. The Panokseon had a two-tiered structure: an upper deck for attacking and a lower deck for rowing. The flat-bottomed design was made to work well in fast and rough waters, and the Panok allowed for artillery attacks by numerous soldiers simultaneously.

Moving to the first showcase on the right wall, we can observe the chronological evolution of Korean ships. Thanks to our proximity to water, Koreans have been building ships since ancient times. For instance, one log boat found in Changnyeong County, Gyeongsangnam-do dates back approximately 8,000 years.

Various ship-shaped pottery and physical artifacts have been discovered in tombs and dwellings from the Three Kingdoms period. exhibit #3, pottery from the Silla and Gaya regions, gives us a glimpse at the ship designs at the time. After unifying the Three Kingdoms, Silla interacted with the Tang Dynasty through a "Gyeon-dang ship," and Jang Bogo, a general of Unified Silla, established Cheonghaejin in Wando County, Jeollanam-do, connecting Korea, China, and Japan through maritime trade. Below, exhibit #6 depicts a typical Korean sailboat, a "Dottanbae," used for wind-powered travel along rivers and coastlines.


⑨ Gathering Ships, Shipbuilding Tools 02:10

Displayed here are various tools used in wooden shipbuilding. Crafting a ship requires a multitude of materials, considerable labor, and extensive amounts of time, leading to the expression stating that ships are 'gathered' rather than merely 'made.' The process of assembling a traditional Korean ship begins with selecting and cutting the appropriate wood and then transporting it to the coast. You can see pre-cutting design tools, such as exhibits #17 "Ruler" and #15 "Compass," used for marking measurements and drawing lines on wood.

Numerous types of saws with various types of blades were employed when cutting the wood. To peel or smoothen the surface of the cut timber, tools like exhibits #4 "Plane," #6 "Spoke," #7 "Knife" were used, each serving a specific purpose. Subsequently, tools like exhibits #10 "Drill," #11 "Angle Bracket," and #14 "Iron Nail" were utilized to bore holes and connect the various wooden parts together during construction.

The shipbuilding tools vary greatly in size and shape, even within the same category, depending on their specific use. The process of building a large ship, starting from splitting the wood, drying and cutting the timber, and joining the pieces to complete the structure, showcases the hard work and skill required of shipbuilders. As you explore these tools, take a moment to appreciate the craftsmanship and labor that went into constructing the magnificent ships of the past.


⑩ Ships in Neighboring Countries, East Asian Ships 02:59

Countries in East Asia each developed their traditional ships with distinct characteristics. There are records from the early 15th century in China and around the 17th century in Japan, of sailing far out into the seas for the purposes of trade and diplomacy. However, unlike the West, East Asian nations did not actively promote overseas expansion due to state policies and domestic and international environments, resulting in far fewer long-distance voyages. Consequently, most East Asian ships were designed for navigating coastal waters. Let's examine the representative ships of China, Japan, and Vietnam.

The most prominent ship displayed at the top is the model of Zheng He's ship from China. This large sailing vessel dates back to the Ming Dynasty and was used for Zheng He's overseas expeditions. Zheng He was a general, explorer, diplomat, and politician of the Ming Dynasty who undertook seven major expeditions under the command of Emperor Yongle. The Zheng He fleet was centered on roughly 60 large 'Treasure Ships' (Baochuan), surrounded by approximately 100 smaller vessels, forming a fleet of about 200 ships in total. The ships of the Zheng He fleet were categorized based on their functions: Horse Ships for transporting horses and cargo, Grain Ships for food supplies, Command Ships for battle command and troop transport, Warships for combat, and Water Supply Ships for providing water.

This is the "Model of a Red Seal Ship," a long-distance trading vessel. During the 16th to 17th centuries, the rulers of the Edo period in Japan issued 'Shuinsen' permits that allowed merchants to profit from overseas trade. Ships carrying these permits were known as "Red Seal Ships." Influential merchants from various regions of Japan who received these permits would dispatch trade ships to various parts of Southeast Asia.

Lastly, there is the "Model of a Ghe bầu" from Vietnam. This was a large merchant ship equipped with sails, representing a type of Vietnamese vessel capable of safely navigating rough seas. The Ghe bầu is notable for its ability to withstand challenging ocean conditions.


⑪ Protecting Our Seas Navy 05:30

Since its establishment, Joseon devoted significant efforts to reorganizing its naval forces due to the continuous invasions by Japanese pirates (Wokou) that began in the late Goryeo period. As a result, an institutional naval system dedicated to maritime defense was established in the early Joseon period. By the time of King Sejong, the scale and organization of the navy had been systematically restructured.

Exhibit #3, "Wealth Chart of Naval Base," is a ledger and handover document recording the changes in inventory at Jeolla Naval Base in 1837. This document meticulously details the assets held by the base at the time, including the sizes of military ships, weapons and equipment on board, and other naval supplies.

On the right side of the display case, you can see items related to Admiral Yi Sun-sin. As the 'Samdo Sugun Tongjesa", encompassing Jeolla, Gyeongsang, and Chungcheong provinces, Admiral Yi Sun-sin led the Korean navy to victory in over 20 battles during the seven years of the Imjin War, starting from the Battle of Okpo and through to the Battle of Noryang. He was killed in 1598 during the Battle of Noryang, the last naval battle of the Imjin War. His death marked the end of the prolonged conflict, and he is revered to this day as a national hero who saved Korea.

Exhibit #8, "Drafts of War Reports," is a transcription by a third party of the reports Admiral Yi Sun-sin sent to the court during the Imjin War. It contains 68 entries, beginning on April 25, 1592, and through to April 20, 1594. The documents mainly detail the movements of the Japanese forces, victories over the enemy, and the achievements of the military commanders and naval forces. It is a valuable resource that provides detailed information about the Joseon navy and the events of the Imjin War.

Let's also take a look at the screen displayed in the back. This is the "Folding Screen Illustrates of the Naval Training," depicting the training exercises of the Joseon navy. The "Samdo Sugun Tongjesa" was based in Tongyeong, where large-scale training exercises were held regularly in the spring and autumn. Naval forces from the three provinces of Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Chungcheong all gathered to participate in these exercises. During the Spring training, known as 'Chunjo,' about 30,000 soldiers would mobilize in Tongyeong along with over 500 ships, including Panokseon and Geobukseon (Turtle Ships).

Upon closer examination of the painting, each warship is equipped with naval flags at the front and rear. These flags indicate the ship's position within the fleet formation and its affiliated region. For instance, the warship in the top right corner of the central panel is the "Samdo Sugun Tongjesa" (Commander of the Three Provincial Fleets)'s flagship, the "Samdo Jusa Dodok Command Ship," bears a flag labeled "Gyeongsang Jwasu," signifying its responsibility for the right flank of the naval formation. Additionally, the flags at the forefront of each unit are colored red, yellow, black, green, and white, designating the front, rear, left, right, and center positions within the naval formation. This intricate detailing in the painting provides a valuable resource for understanding the deployment and organization of the Joseon navy's fleet in the later period.

In this section, we have a model of the "Turtle Ship," a famed warship of the Joseon navy. The Turtle Ship is a modified version of the traditional Panokseon, featuring an armored deck shaped like a turtle shell, equipped with spikes to thwart enemy boarders. It also features a dragon head at the bow, which was used to fire cannon to intimidate the enemy. Records from the Imjin War highlight that a small number of these ships inflicted significant damage on the Japanese forces. Since then, the Turtle ship has been underscored as the premier assault vessels of the Joseon navy. This model is a 1:6 scale reproduction of a Turtle Ship from the Imjin War, restored in 2022 by the Korean Naval Academy Museum.


⑫ Conclusion: Wrapping Up the Exhibition 01:05

Did you enjoy your tour of the Navigation Hall at the National Maritime Museum of Korea? Today, we have explored a variety of seafaring vessels from around the world, numerous navigation tools, and the people who advanced maritime technology and expanded humanity’s horizons across the globe.

We also delved into the evolution of Korean naval ships and the activities of its navy. We hope this exhibition provided you with a valuable opportunity to learn about the maritime powers throughout history and their significant contributions to naval advancement.

This concludes the audio guide for the Navigation Hall of the National Maritime Museum of Korea. Thank you for coming with us on this journey through maritime history.